试图解释人类近期历史总体方向的著作包括:Daniel Chirot,Social Change in the Twentieth Century(New York,1977);Angus Maddison,Dynamic Forces in Capitalist Development:A Long Run Comparative View(Oxford,1991);Joseph M.Kitagawa,The Quest for Human Unity:A Religious History(Minneapolis,1990);Trevor I.Williams, Science:A History of Discovery in the Twentieth Century(New York,1990);Kenneth Boulding, The Meaning of the Twentieth Century:The Great Transition (New York,1964);William H.McNeill,The Human Condition:An Ecological and Historical View(Princeton,1980);Alfred W.Crosby,Ecological Imperialism:The Biological Expansion of Europe,900~1900(Cambridge,1986);B.L.Turner II,ed.,The Earth as Transformed by Human Action:Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere over the Past300 Years(Cambridge,1990);Norbert Wiener,The Human Use of Human Beings,Cybernetics and Society(Garden City,N.Y.,1954);和Alfred D.Chandler,Jr.,Scale and Scope:The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism(Cambridge,Mass.,1990)。
国际政治由下列著作进行了富有洞见的论述:A.J.P.Tailor,The Struggle for Mastery in Europe,1848~1918(Oxford,1987);Norman Rich,Great Power Diplomacy,1814~1914(New York,1992);Paul M.Kennedy,The Rise and Fall of the Great Power:Economic Change and Military Conflict from1500 to2000 (New York,1989);Hugh Tinker,Race,Conflict and the International Order:From Empire to United Nations(London,1977);和Walter A.McDougall,The Heavens and the Earth:A Political History of the Space Age(New York,1985)。
关于帝国主义,经典的马克思主义解释见Vladimir I.Lenin,Imperialism,The Highest Stage of Capitalism(New York,1939)。关于其他观点,见:Wolfgang J.Mommsen,Theories of Imperialism(Chicago,1982);Woodruff D.Smith,European Imperialism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries(Chicago,1982);Daniel R.Headrick,The Tools of Empire:Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century(New York,1981);和Philip Darby,Three Faces of Imperialism:British and American Approaches to Asia and Africa,1870~1970(New Haven,Conn.,1987)。
关于战争,值得推荐的书目包括:Theodore J.Ropp,War in the Modern World,rev.ed.(New York,1962);Michael Howard,War in European History(Oxford,976);William H.McNeill,Pursuit of Power:Technology,Armed Force,and Society since A.D.1000(Chicago,1982);和Raymond Aron,The Century of Total War(Boston,1955)。关于一战的序幕,见Laurence Lafore,The Long Fuse:An Interpretation of the Origins of World War I(Philadelphia,1965),和Fritz Fischer,Germanys Arms in the First World War(New York,1967)特别有趣。关于第一次世界大战,见Marc Ferro,The Great War,1914~1918(New York,1989);Barbara Tuchman,The Guns of August(New York,1982);和 Gerd Hartach,The First World War1914~1918(Berkeley,1981)。
关于俄国革命,John Reed,Ten Days That Shock the World(New York,1992)是一名富有激情的记者的经典而富有同情心的现场描述。Leon Trosky, History of the Russian Revolution,3 vols.(London,1932~1933;reissue,New York,1980),是一部由十月革命宣传家之一撰写的卓越的、富有见地的历史著作。关于其他观点,见Edward Acton,Rethinking the Russian Revolution(London,1990);E.H.Carr,The Bolshevik Revolution,1917~1923, 3vols.(London,1985);John L.H.Keep,The Russian Revolution:A Study in Mass Mobilization(New York,1976);和Allan K.Wildman,The End of the Russian Imperial Army,2 vols.(Princeton,1980~1987).关于苏维埃社会和政府,Roy Medvedev, Let History Judge:The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism,rev.ed.(New York,1989),是从俄国内部发出的强烈批评观点。局外人的评估包括:Robert C.Tucker,Stalin in Power:The Revolution from Above(New York,1990);Adam B.Ulam,Stalin:The Man and His Era,rev.ed.(Boston,1989);和Alec Nove,An Economic History of the USSR,1917~1991,3rded.(Harmondsworth,1992)。
关于战后和20世纪30年代的“大萧条”,见Sally Marks,The Illusion of Peace:International Relations in Europe1918~1933 (New York,1976);Franz Borkenau,World Communism:A History of the Communist International(Ann Arbor,Mich.,1962);Hannah Arendt,The Origins of Totalitarianism(San Diego,1979);Ernst Nolte,Three Faces of Fascism:Action Francaise,Italian Fascism,National Socialism,(New York,1969);Charles P.Kindelberger,The World in Depression,1929~1939(Berkeley,Cal.,1986);和Hugh Thomas,The Spanish Civil War,rev.ed.(1977)。
为了理解那些转变公共事务的思想潮流,最好是阅读原著。下面是一些最有影响的著作:Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels,The Communist Manifesto(1848 and available in numerous reprints)短小精悍;Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf(New York,1939)极其冗长而不着边际,但是“法西斯主义”一文最初发表在Encyclopedia Italiana,而且经常被重印——例如,本尼托·墨索里尼,Fascism:Doctrine and Institutions(New York,1968)一书就收录了此文——就比较简短而清晰。Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams (初版于1899年;1987年纽约重印),既简短又有趣;Albert Einstein,The Meaning of Relativity,5th ed.(New York,1956)非常成功地把抽象的物理学变得普通读者也能理解。有帮助的二手著作包括:Stuart Hughes,Consciousness and Society:the Reorientation of European Social Thought,1890~1930,rev.ed.(New York,1977);James H.Billington,Fire in the Minds of Men:Origins of the Revolutionary Faith(New York,1980);和Jim Sampson,ed.,The Late Romantic Era:From mid-Nineteenth Century to World War I(Englewood Cliffs,N.J.,1991)。
第二次世界大战促使战胜国编纂了大量的官方史学论著。最令人印象深刻的是Samuel Morrison的History of U.S.Naval Operations in World War II,15 vols.(Boston,1947~1962)。J.V.Stalin, On the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union(New York,1945)给出了完全不同的观点。较早的综合性分析现在被Gerhand L.Weinberg,A World at Arms:A Global History of World War II(Cambridge,1994)超越了。对于那些被Weinberg那1178页大作吓倒的读者来说,Gordon Wright的富有洞见的 The Ordeal of Total War,1939~1945(New York,1966)也许值得推荐。Albert Speer,Inside the Third Reich(New York,1970)提供了内部人士对纳粹战争努力的叙述;Alan S.Milward,War,Economy and Society,1939~1945(Berkeley,Cal.,1977)是一部内容广阔、学术性强的关于战争动员如何影响参战国的著作。
冷战也产生了大量的史学论著。John L.Gaddis,The Long Peace:Inquiries into the History of the Cold War(New York,1987),是一部很好的入门读物。Walter LaFeber,America,Russia and the Cold War,1945~1992,6th ed.(New York,1991)是一本著名的教材。关于其他方面,见Lawrence S.Kaplan,NATO and the United States:The Enduring Alliance(Boston,1988);Derek W.Unwin,The Community of Europe:A History of European Integration since1945 (New York,1991);Peter R.Odell,Oil and World Power, 8th ed.(New York,1986);R.F.Holland,European Decolonization,1918~1981(New York,1985);Robert Gilpin,The Political Economy of International Relations(Princeton,1987);Werner J.Feld,Nongovernmental Forces and World Politics:A Study of Business,Labor and Political Groups(New York,1972);以及Robert O.Keohane and Joseph S.Nye,Jr.,eds.,Transnational Relations and World Politics(Cambridge,Mass.,1972)。指导美国冷战政策的一些观念最初由George F.Kennan清醒地认识到,并且发表在他优雅的小书 American Diplomacy,1900~1950(Chicago,1951)中。
联合国每年都编辑出版世界人口统计,经常发布一些专题研究,如Consequences of Rapid Population Growth in Developing Countries(New York,1991)。关于独立的学术评估,见D.Gale Johnson and Ronald D.Lee,eds.,Population Growth and Economic Development:Issues and Evidence(Madison,Wisc.,1987)。关于生育率下降,Ansley J.Coale and Susan Cotts Watkins,eds.,The Decline of Fertility in Europe(Princeton,1986)是权威的著作。
关于即时通讯及其社会影响,至今还未出现满意的全球性研究,但是可以参考:Gerald W.Brock,The Telecommunications Industry(Cambridge,Mass.,1981);Daniel J.Czitrom, Media and the American Mind (Chapel Hill,N.C.,1982);和Ernst Braun and Stuart McDonald,Revolution in Miniature:The History and Impact of Semiconductor Electronics,2nd ed.(Cambridge,Mass.,1982)。Richard Critchfield,The Villagers:Changed Values,Altered Lives and the Closing of the Urban-Rural Gap(New York,1994),提供了最近乡村态度变化的一系列最新的和令人信服的个案研究。
西方人常常假定,他们中间发生的事情就是全世界的走向,现代通信使这种假设并没有比过去更少误导。但是对新观念和新技术的反动也是各种各样的,下面提及的著作在某种程度上表明了世界各地的多样性。
非洲。除了上述第二、第三部分进一步阅读书目说明中列举的之外,下列著作值得留意。Paul Bohannan and Philip D.Curtin,Africa and Africans,3rded.(Prospect Heights,Ill.,1988)是一部特别优秀的通史教材;Roland Oliver,The African Experience(New York,1991)简明地归纳了他对非洲历史和社会的毕生研究成果。关于奴隶制,Patrick Manning, Slavery and African Life:Occidental,Oriental and African Slave Trades(Cambridge,1990),是近代非洲最独特的历史统计研究。关于非殖民化的总体研究,试试Prosser Gifford and William Roger Louis,eds.,Decolonization and African Independence:The Transfers of Power,1960~1980(New Haven,Conn.,1988)。关于南非种族关系的心酸描述,Alan Paton的小说Cry the Beloved Country(New York,1948)是最有教益的。关于非洲最终成功地抵制了种族隔离,见Sheridan Johns and R.Hunt Davis,eds.,Mandela,Tambo,and the African National Congress:The Struggle against Apartheid,1948~1990(New York,1991)。
伊斯兰教世界。在第三部分进一步阅读书目说明中“伊斯兰教世界”条目下列举的著作都涉及了更近的时代。Ira M.Lapidus,A History of Islamic Societies(Cambridge,Mass.,1988)是近来对伊斯兰教各国整体进行解释的著作中最具抱负的,但是不能取代Marshall G.S.Hodgson,The Venture of Islam,3 vols.(Chicago,1974)。还可参见Edmund Burke III and Ira M.Lapidus,Islam,Politics and Social Movements(Berkeley,1988);Charles P.Issawi,An Economic History of the Middle East and North Africa(New York,1982);和Elie Kedourie,Politics in the Middle East(Oxford,1992)。
关于阿拉伯—以色列冲突,中立的论述似乎仍然是不可能的,但是Sydney D.Bailey,Four Arab-Israeli Wars and the Peace Process(Bastingstock,UK,1990);J.C.Hurewitz,The Struggle for Palestine,rev.ed.(New York,1978)和Ian Lustick,Arabs in the Jewish State:Israils Control of a National Minority(Austin,Tex.,1980),作了尝试。关于针锋相对的观点,见Lawrence A.Hoffman,ed.,The Land of Israel:Jewish Perspectives(Notre Dame,Ind.,1986)与Edward W.Said,The Question of Palestine(New York,1980)。
关于伊朗1979年革命,见Nikki R.Keddie,Roots of Revolution:An Interpretive History of Modern Iran(New Haven,Conn.,1981);Roy P.Mottahedeh,The Mantle of the Prophet:Religion and Politics in Iran(New York,1985);和James A.Bill, The Eagle and the Lion:The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations (New Haven,Conn.,1988)。关于伊拉克,见Phoebe Marr,The Modern History of Iraq(Boulder,Col.,1985);Mario Farouk-Sluglett and Peter Sluglett,Iraq since1958:From Revolution to Dictatorship(London,1990);和Efraim Karsh and Inari Rautsi,Saddam Hussein:A Political Biography(New York,1991)。
关于土耳其:Niyazi Berkes,The Development of Secularism in Turkey(Montreal,1964);Walter F.Weiker,The Modernization of Turkey:From Ataturk to the Present Day(New York,1981);和C.H.Dodd,The Crisis of Turkish Democracy,2nd ed.(Huntingdon,Cal.,1990),讨论了一个世俗政权的成功和重重困难。关于埃及现代史,见Arthur E.Goldschmidt,Jr., Modern Egypt:The Formation of a Nation State(Boulder,Col.,1988);Panayiotis J.Vatikiotis,The History of Modern Egypt,from Muhammad Ali to Mubarak,4th ed.(Baltimore,Md.,1991);和Derek Hopwood,Egypt:Politics and Society,1945~1990,3rded.(London,1991)。
印度和东南亚。对印度历史的最好介绍是A.L.Basham,A Cultural History of India(Oxford,1975)。关于社会经济史,试试Dharma Kumar ed.,The Cambridge Economic History of India,Vol.2,1757~1970 (Cambridge,1983)。关于英国的殖民统治,见Penderel Moon,British Conquest and Dominion of India(London,1989);和L.S.S.OMalley,ed.,Modern India and the West:A Study of the Interaction of Their Civilizations(London,1968)。两部著名的小说比许多历史学著作更深刻地揭露了英国统治下的印度:E.M.Forster,A Passage to India(London,1924);和Rudyard Kipling,Kim(London,1901)。Mohandas K.Gandhi,The Story of My Experiments with Truth(Boston,1957);和Jawaharlal Nehru,Towards Freedom:The Autobiography of Jawaharlal Nehru(New York,1941)是现代独立印度两位主要缔造者的深刻有力的叙述。由于印度很可能超越中国而成为全球人口最多的国家,所以Tim Dyson,ed.,Indias Historical Demography:Studies in Famine,Disease and Society(London,1989),是特别有趣的著作。关于东南亚,David J.Steinberg,In Search of Southeast Asia:A Modern History,rev.ed.(Honolulu,Hi.,1987)是一本非常好的入门读物。
远东。3部杰出的中国现代史通论著作是:John J.Fairbank,China:A New History(Cambridge,1992);Immanuel C.Y.Hsu,The Rise of Modern China,4th ed(New York,1990);和Jonathan D.Spence, The Search for Modern China(New York,1990)。带有现代中美关系特色的涉及传教、商业和意识形态方面的综合著作是John J.Fairbank,The United States and China,4th ed.(Cambridge,Mass.,1983)。关于中国共产主义,见James P.Harrison,The Long March to Power:A History of the Chinese Communist Party,1921~1972(New York,1972);Edgar Snow,Red Star over China(New York,1973)和Ross Terrill, Mao:A Biography(New York,1980)。关于人口,Judith Bannister,Chinas Changing Population(Stanford,Cal.,1978);关于乡村生活,William L.Parish and Martin K.Whyte,Village and Family in Contemporary China(Chicago,1978)。
关于日本,William G.Beasley,The Rise of Modern Japan(New York,1990);Mikiso Hane,Modern Japan:A Historical Survey,2nd ed.(Boulder,Col.,1992);和Edwin O.Reischauer,Japan,The Story of a Nation(New York,1989),都是适合初学者的概论性优秀著作。适合大学使用的原始史料高级选编是John Livingston,Joe Moore,and Felicia Oldfather,eds.,The Japan Reader, 2 vols.(New York,1973~1974)。关于经济变迁,见Johannes Hirschmeier and Tsunehiko Yui,The Development of Japanese Business,1600~1980,2nd ed.(Bostton,1981);G.C.Allen,A Short Economic History of Modern Japan,4th ed.(New York,1981);和Thomas C.Smith,Political Change and Industrial Development in Japan:Government Enterprise(Stanford,Cal.,1974)。
关于日本的第二次世界大战的历史。Thomas R.H.Havens,Valley of Darkness:The Japanese People and the World War II(Lanham,Md.,1986);和John Heresy,Hiroshima(New York,1946),特别具有启发性。Gordon W.E.Prange,At Dawn We Slept:The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor(New York,1982),是来自交战双方的生动而详细的描述。对太平洋战争的优秀而均衡的总结,John Tolland, The Rising Sun(New York,1982)值得推荐。
关于日本社会的特性,Robert J.Smith,Japanese Society:Tradition,Self and the Social Order(Cambridge,1987);和Tadashi Fukutake,Japanese Society Today(Tokyo,1981),分别提供了一种美国观点和日本观点。Joseph M.Kitigawa,Religion in Japanese History(New York,1990);和Irene B.Taeuber,The Population of Japan(Princeton,1958)在各自领域里都是标准之作。
关于朝鲜,Andrew C.Nahm,Korea:Tradition and Transformation:A History of the Korean People(Elizabeth,N.J.,1988);和Donald Stone Macdonald,The Koreans:Contemporary Politics and Society(2nd ed.,Boulder,Col.,1990),是很有用的概论。关于朝鲜战争,Burton Ira Kaufman,The Korean War:Challenges in Crisis,Credibility and Command(Philadelphia,1986);和Bruce Cumings,The Origins of the Korean War,2 vols.(Princeton,1981~1990)是一种美国修正派的论述。
关于越南和美国卷入越南,见Joseph Buttinger,Vietnam:A Dragon Embattled,2 vols.(New York,1967);David Halberstam,The Best and the Brightest(New York,1969);和George C.Hering,Jr.,Americas Longest War:The United States and Vietnam,1950~1975,2nd ed.(Philadelphia,1986)。
拉丁美洲。E.Bradford Burns,Latin America:A Concise Interpretive History,5th ed.(Englewood Cliffs,N.J.,1990);和Thomas E.Skidmore and Peter H.Smith,Modern Latin America,3rded.(New York,1992),是标准的入门书。Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Enzo Faletto,Dependency and Development in Latin America(Berkeley,Cal.,1978)认为,拉美被外部资本主义国家所剥削。相反的观点,见Frederick S.Weaver,Class,State and Industrial Structure:The Historical Process of South American Industrial Growth(Westport,Conn.,1980)。拉美历史其他特别的主题被下列著作所探讨:Douglas S.Butterworth and John K.Chance,Latin American Urbanization(New York,1981);Marvin Harris,Patterns of Race in the Americas(New York,1974);Daniel H.Levine,Religion and Political Conflict in Latin America(Chapel Hill,N.C.,1986);Alain Rouquie,The Military and the State in Latin America(Berkeley,Cal.,1987);Leopoldo Zea,The Latin American Mind(Norman,Ok.,1963);和John J.Johnson,A Hemisphere Apart:The foundation of United States Policy toward Latin America(Baltimore,Md.,1990)。