随着现代人类扩张并走出非洲，爆发了一场创新。在扩张之前，在非洲就有这类改变的迹象，然而在解剖学意义上的现代人类遭遇并取代尼安德特人之后，这一迹象大约两万年后在欧洲大大强化。从考古学记录上看，由创新过渡到全面的行为现代性不规则地发生在许多地方，之后最终在亚欧大陆的其他地区完成。我们提出的观点是，即便从尼安德特人（或其他远古人类）身上流向解剖学意义上的现代人类的基因流很有限，这也有助于现代人类获取大部分他们所需要的优势等位基因。我们相信这短时间内大量涌入的适应性基因组对“人类革命”所需的能力的贡献良多，我们也同样相信来自远古人类群体的基因渗入会被证实在现代人类起源的故事中有中心的地位。
所以截至大约4万年前，人类在身体结构上和行为上都变得现代（这不是说他们就完全像今天的人们一样了）。他们有着比他们的祖先远为强大的创新力量，很可能得益于从他们的尼安德特表亲身上偷得的基因。文化改变的速度增长了几十倍，而当冰川后退之后新的机会涌现，改变的速度就更快了。
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[12]关于混合尼安德特人基因被认为不显著这一点，可见（举例）：Chris Stringer and Peter Andrews,The Complete World of Human Evolution(London:Thames and Hudson,2005)。或可见：Klein,The Dawn of Human Culture.
[13]Milford Wolpoff et al.,“Modern Human Ancestry at the Peripheries:A Test of the Replacement Theory,”Science 291,no.5502(2001):293—297.
[14]可以想到的就有芝加哥大学的玛莎·汉博林和安娜·迪·里恩佐在少数意大利人身上发现的达菲（Duffy）血型基因附近一个区的极端特殊形式，与我们在所有其他人类身上看到的都很不一样。M.T.Hamblin and A.Di Rienzo,“Detectionof the Signature of Natural Selection in Humans:Evidence from the Duffy Blood Group Locus,”American Journal of Human Genetics 66,no.5(2000):1669–1679.
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