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《崩溃:社会如何选择成败兴亡》第三章

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第二章补充阅读提供的波利尼西亚聚落形成的文献资料已经涵盖东南波利尼西亚聚落。Tim Benton和Tom Spencer 合作编辑了The Pitcairn Islands:Biogeography, Ecology, and Prehistory(London:Academic Press, 1995),内含1991—1992年间科学家们在皮特凯恩岛、汉德森岛及奥埃诺和杜西环礁考察研究的结果。该书有27个章节,涉及这些群岛的地理、植物、鸟类(包括在汉德森岛灭绝的鸟类)、鱼类、陆地和海洋的无脊椎动物,以及人类对当地生态环境造成的影响。

本书使用的波利尼西亚族群在皮特凯恩岛和汉德森岛定居和离弃的资料大部分来自Marshall Weisler与其同事的研究成果。在上文提到的Tim Benton和Tom Spencer编辑的论文集里,其中一个章节就是Weisler对自己研究成果的一个概述:“Henderson Island prehistory:colonization and extinction on a remote Polynesian island”(pp.377-404)。此外,他又撰写了两篇综合报告:“The settlement of marginal Polynesia:new evidence from Henderson Island”(Journal of Field Archaeology 21:83-102(1994)),和“An archaeological survey of Mangareva:implications for regional settlement models and interaction studies”(Man and Culture and Oceania 12:61-85(1996))。此外,Weisler又写了四篇论文用以解释如何对当地发现的玄武岩手斧进行化学分析,从而能弄清玄武岩的出处,也有助于了解当时的贸易路线。这四篇论文分别是:与D.Whitehead合作发表的“Provenance studies of Polynesian basalt adzes material:a review and suggestions for improving regional databases”(Asian Perspectives 32:61-83(1993));“Basalt pb isotope analysis and the prehistoric settlement of Polynesia”(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 92:1881-1885(1995));以及与Patrick V.Kirch合作发表的“Interisland and interarchipelago transfer of stone tools in prehistoric Polynesia”(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 93:1381-1385(1996));“Hard evidence for prehistoric interaction in Polynesia”(Current Anthropology 39:521-532(1998))。探讨波利尼西亚东部与东南贸易网络的论文有 Marshall Weisler与R.C.Green合作发表的“Holistic approaches to interaction studies:a Polynesian example”(pp.413-453);Martin Jones与Peter Sheppard编辑的Australasian Connections and New Directions(Auckland, N.Z.:Department of Anthropology, University of Auckland, 2001);R.C.Green和Marshall Weisler的“The Mangarevan sequence and dating of the geographic expansion into Southeast Polynesia”(Asian Perspectives 41: 213-241(2002));以及Marshall Weisler的“Centrality and the collapse of long-distance voyaging in East Polynesia”(pp.257-273),这篇论文被收录于Michael D.Glascock编辑的Geochemical Evidence for Long-Distance Exchange(London:Bergin and Garvey, 2002)。关于汉德森岛上的农作物和骨骸可见下列三篇论文:Jon G.Hather与Marshall Weisler的“Prehistoric giant swamp taro(Cyrtosperma chamissionis)from Henderson Island, Southeast Polynesia”(Pacific Science 54:149-156(2000));Sara Collins和Marshall Weisler的“Human dental and skeletal remains from Henderson Island, Southeast Polynesia”(People and Culture in Oceania 16:67-85(2000));以及Vincent Stefan、Sara Collins和Marshall Weisler合作发表的“Henderson Island crania and their implication for southeastern Polynesian prehistory”(Journal of the Polynesian Society 111:371-383(2002))。

对皮特凯恩岛和汉德森岛感兴趣或是喜欢看精彩故事的人一定不能错过Charles Nordhoff与James Norman Hall合写的小说Pitcairn's Island(Boston:Little, Brown, 1934)。这本小说用写实的手法重现了叛舰喋血记中叛变者们如何控制船舰,驱逐船长与其亲信,然后来到皮特凯恩岛自相残杀的故事。该事件的真实情况可参阅Caroline Alexander写的The Bounty(New York:Viking, 2003)。