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《崩溃:社会如何选择成败兴亡》第四章

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坊间有大量的书籍讲述美国西南部的史前史以供大众阅读,有的还有彩色插图。比如Robert Lister与Florence Lister合著的Chaco Canyon(Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1981)、Stephen Lekson的Great Pueblo Architecture of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico(Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press, 1986)、William Ferguson和Arthur Rohn合著的Anasazi Ruins of the Southwest in Color(Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press, 1987)、Linda Cordell的Ancient Pueblo Peoples(Montreal:St.Remy Press, 1994)、Stephen Plog的Ancient Peoples of the American Southwest(New York:Thames and Hudson, 1997)、Linda Cordell的Archaeology of the Soutwest, 2nd ed.(San Diego:Academic Press, 1997),以及David Stuart的Anasazi America(Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press, 2000)。

还有三本介绍明布雷斯彩陶光辉史的图书也不可错过:J.J.Brod的Mimbres Painted Pottery(Santa Fe:School of American Research, 1997);Steven LeBlanc的The Mimbres People:Ancient Pueblo Painters of the American Southwest(London:Thames and Hudson, 1983);以及Tony Berlant、Steven LeBlanc、Catherine Scott和J.J.Brod合著的Mimbres Pottery:Ancient Art of the American Southwest(New York:Hudson Hills Press, 1983)。

有关阿纳萨兹人和其邻近部落间的战争与暴力的详细描述可以参阅下列三部专著:Christy Turner Ⅱ与Jacqueline Turner合著的Man Corn:Cannibalism and Violence in the Prehistoric American Southwest(Salt Lake City:University of Utah Press, 1999);Steven LeBlanc的Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest(Salt Lake City:University of Utah Press, 1999);以及Jonathan Haas与Winifred Creamer合著的Stress and Warfare Among the Kayenta Anasazi of the Thirteenth Century A.D.(Chicago:Field Museum of Natural History, 1993)。

关于美国西南族群的论文和学术著作有Paul Minnis的Social Adaptation to Food Stress:A Prehistoric Southwestern Example(Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1985);W.H.Wills的Early Prehistoric Agriculture in the American Southwest(Santa Fe:School of American Research, 1988);R.Gwinn Vivian的The Chacoan Prehistory of the San Juan Basin(San Diego:Academic Press, 1990);Lynne Sebastian的The Chaco Anasazi:Sociopolitical Evolution and the Prehistoric Southwest(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1992);以及Charles Redman的People of the Tonto Rim:Archaeology Discovery in Prehistoric Arizona(Washington, D.C.:Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993)。Eric Force、R.Gwinn Vivian、Thomas Windes和Jeffrey Dean四人在他们的论文Relation of“Bonito”Paleo-channel and Base-level Variations to Anasazi Occupation, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico(Tucson:Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, 2002)中重新评价了河道下蚀对查科峡谷水位下降的影响。所有和林鼠贝冢相关的资料你都可以从Julio Betancourt、Thomas Van Devender和Paul Martin合著的Packrat Middens(Tucson:University of Arizona Press, 1990)一书中获得。

不少论文集收录许多专家写的关于美国西南部的文章,如David Grant Nobel编辑的New Light on Chaco Canyon(Santa Fe:School of American Research, 1984);George Gumerman编辑的The Anasazi in a Changing Environment(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1988);Patricia Crown与W.James Judge共同编辑的Chaco and Hohokam:Prehistoric Regional Systems in the American Southwest(Santa Fe:School of American Research, 1991);David Doyel编辑的Anasazi Regional Organization and the Chaco System(Albuquerque:Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, 1992);Michael Adler编辑的The Prehistoric Pueblo World A.D. 1150-1350(Tucson:University of Arizona Press, 1996);Jill Neitzel编辑的Great Towns and Regional Polities in the Prehistoric American Southwest and Southeast(Dragoon, Ariz.:Amerind Foundation, 1999);Michelle Hegmon编辑的The Archaeology of Regional Interaction:Religion, Warfare, and Exchange Across the American Southwest and Beyond(Boulder:University Press of Colorado, 2000);以及Michael Diehl与Steven LeBlanc的Early Pithous Villages of the Mimbres Valley and Beyond(Cambridge, Mass.:Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, 2001)。

本书引用的参考书目可作为撰写美国西南部研究论文的路标,与本章有关的几篇论文在此将单独列出。Julio Betancourt与其同事共同发表的论文能使我们了解古代查科峡谷的植被,如Julio Bctuncourl和Thomas Van Devender合作发表的“Holocene vegetation in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico”(Science 214:656-658(1981));Michael Samuels和Julio Betancourt的“Modeling the long-term effects of fuelwood harvests on pinyon-juniper woodlands”(Environmental Management 6:505-515(1982));以及Julio Betancourt、Jeffrey Dean和Herbert Hull合作发表的“Prehistoric long-distance transport of construction beams, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico”(American Antiquity 51:370-375(1986))。下面两篇论文涉及的在不同时期,阿纳萨兹木头使用的变化:Timothy Kohler和Meredith Matthews合作发表的“Long-term Anasazi land use and forest production:a case study of Southwest Colorado”(American Antiquity 53:537-564(1988))、Thomas Windes和Dabney Ford合写的“The Chaco wood project:the chronometric reappraisal of Pueblo Bonito”(Amercian Antiquity 61:295-310(1996))。William Bull在他的论文“Discontinuous ephemeral streams”(Geomorphology 19:227-276(1997))中对于河床下切的复杂成因提出了很好的见解。关于利用锶的同位素来辨别查科峡谷的木材和玉米具体来自哪个地区,有两篇论文可供参阅。木材方面的研究见Nathan English、Julio Betancourt、Jeffrey Dean与Jay Quade合作发表的“Strontium isotopes reveal distant sources of architectural timber in Chaco Canyon,New Mexico”(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 98:11891-11896(2001));玉米方面的研究见Larry Benson等人发表的“Ancient maize from Chacoan great houses:where was it grown?”(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 100:13111-13115(2003))。R.L.Axtell等人在他们的论文“Population growth and collapse in a multiagent model of the Kayenta Anasazi in Long House Valley”(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 99:7275-7279(2002))详细描述了生活在长屋谷一带的卡彦塔阿纳萨兹人的人口总数和可能采用的农业方式。